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Real-time Transport Protocol
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Real-time Transport Protocol (or RTP) defines a standardized packet format for delivering audio and video over the Internet. It was developed by the Audio-Video Transport Working Group of the IETF and first published in 1996 as RFC 1889 which was made obsolete in 2003 by RFC 3550. Real time transport protocol can also be used in conjunction with RSVP protocol which enhances the field of multimedia applications.
RTP does not have a standard TCP or UDP port on which it communicates. The only standard that it obeys is that UDP communications are done via an even port and the next higher odd port is used for RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) communications. Although there are no standards assigned, RTP is generally configured to use ports 16384-32767. RTP can carry any data with real-time characteristics, such as interactive audio and video. Call setup and tear-down for VoIP applications is usually performed by either SIP or H.323 protocols. The fact that RTP uses a dynamic port range makes it difficult for it to traverse firewalls. In order to get around this problem, it is often necessary to set up a STUN server.
It was originally designed as a multicast protocol, but has since been applied in many unicast applications. It is frequently used in streaming media systems (in conjunction with RTSP) as well as videoconferencing and push to talk systems (in conjunction with H.323 or SIP), making it the technical foundation of the Voice over IP industry. It goes along with the RTCP and it's built on top of the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). Applications using RTP are less sensitive to packet loss, but typically very sensitive to delays, so UDP is a better choice than TCP for such applications.
According to RFC 1889, the services provided by RTP include:
- Payload-type identification - Indication of what kind of content is being carried
- Sequence numbering - PDU sequence number
- Time stamping - allow synchronization and jitter calculations
- Delivery monitoring
The protocols themselves do not provide mechanisms to ensure timely delivery. They also do not give any Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees. These things have to be provided by some other mechanism.
Also, out of order delivery is still possible, and flow and congestion control are not supported directly. However, the protocols do deliver the necessary data to the application to make sure it can put the received packets in the correct order. Also, RTCP provides information about reception quality which the application can use to make local adjustments. For example if a congestion is forming, the application could decide to lower the data rate.
RTP was also published by the ITU-T as H.225.0, but later removed once the IETF had a stable standards-track RFC published. It exists as an Internet Standard (STD 64) defined in RFC 3550 (which obsoletes RFC 1889). RFC 3551 (STD 65) (which obsoletes RFC 1890) defines a specific profile for Audio and Video Conferences with Minimal Control. RFC 3711 defines the Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP) profile (actually an extension to RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences) which can be used (optionally) to provide confidentiality, message authentication, and replay protection for audio and video streams being delivered.
Lost Hard Drive: Don’t Panic
Author: Robert Thomson | |
No matter whether you are an amateur or a professional in computers, you can encounter a hard drive crash at any moment of your life! There are a number of ways that can make you lose the vital data so don’t worry about that. So, what will you do? Have you heard of hard disk data recovery? Well, it is a process that makes it possible to retrieve the lost data from the damaged hard drive.
If you know about the hard disk data recovery then at least you won’t panic at the first thought of losing your data forever. Because at the back of your mind you would be knowing that hard disk data recovery will help you restore the lost data. So what to do as the first step? You have to remind yourself that there are several hard disk data recovery software that can help you in this situation.
Some of the known hard disk data recovery software are available for RAID data recovery, NT/2000/XP and Mac. There are several hard disk data recovery software that can help you come out of such problematic situation. For example, the Mac hard disk data recovery software is usable for any variety of the hard drives.
It is a powerful software which can even retrieve the HFS file system data. And the best part is that this hard disk data recovery software can also do the recovery of all the partitions. You can also save the files of the Missing Mac folders as well. Moreover, it can recognize as well as preserve longer file names. Similarly, the other hard disk data recovery software allow you restore the essential information of your damaged hard drive.
| Thus, it can be concluded that hard disk data recovery can be a tedious or simple task depending upon the damage that has been done to your hard drive. So, the best option is to ship the hard drive to a reliable hard disk data recovery company and they will restore the data within 72 hours. | ||
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| About Author | ||
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| Arshad is a part time internet home business owner . He is the owner of Hard Disk Data Recovery Website . You can find more information at Hard Disk Data Recovery Website. Article Source: http://www.1888articles.com/author-robert-thomson-5539.html | ||
The World's Favorite Free Softphone
CounterPath's X-Lite is the market's leading free SIP based softphone available for download. Combining voice and video calls, Instant Messaging and presence management in an intuitive and familiar interface, X-Lite helps you seamlessly transition from a traditional hard phone environment into the world of Voice over IP.
Based on the advanced architecture of eyeBeam 1.5 (CounterPath's retail and carrier-grade softphone), X-Lite is designed to showcase some of the feature rich capabilities available such as superior audio and video quality, zero-touch configuration, IM and presence, and a comprehensive personal address book.
Whether you are are having a simple voice conversation, enjoying a video conference call or engaging with friends over IM, X-Lite leads you down the new path of personalized communications
CounterPath offers two types of X-Lite available for download:
X-Lite Features
- Open Standards based next generation telephony client
- Session Initiated Protocol (SIP) based signaling for all interactive media sessions
- Enhanced Quality of Service (QoS) for voice & video calls
- Comprehensive Personal Address Book, including detailed calls lists and history
- Zero-Touch Configuration of your audio or video devices
- Microsoft Outlook® integration allowing users to import their address book into their eyeBeam contact list
- IM and Presence Management
- Multi-party and ad hoc Voice and Video Conferencing [IP & PSTN]
- Voice & Video Call Recording
- Detachable & Sliding Drawers for quick Video and Contact information
- Toast pop-ups allowing the management of incoming calls
G.729 Codec
Voice Compression
The G.729 codec is an industry standard which allows for placing more calls in limited bandwidth to utilize IP voice in more cost effective ways. A typical call consumes 64Kbps of voice bandwidth. G.729 reduces the call to 8Kbps (normal IP overhead adds to this number). Many people are using Asterisk with G.729 to replace expensive gateways. Asterisk currently supports G.729 Annex A only.
Concerning performance, the G.729 codec translations are performed in software, and the overhead should be considered when sizing the server for an Asterisk system. Internal testing with dual Intel® Xeon 1.8GHz processors allowed 60 concurrent G.729 calls. Dual Xeon 2.8GHz processors allowed 80 concurrent G.729 calls.
The G.729 codec works with all Digium hardware cards and on any processor.
from:http://www.digium.com
What Is a VPN?
From Bradley Mitchell,
Your Guide to Wireless / Networking.
VPN Solutions and Key Features
A VPN supplies network connectivity over a possibly long physical distance. In this respect, a VPN is a form of Wide Area Network (WAN). VPNs enable file sharing, video conferencing and similar network services. Virtual private networks generally don't provide any new functionality that isn't already offered through alternative mechanisms, but a VPN implements those services more efficiently / cheaply in most cases.A key feature of a VPN is its ability to work over both private networks as well as public networks like the Internet. Using a method called tunneling, a VPN use the same hardware infrastructure as existing Internet or intranet links. VPN technologies includes various security mechanisms to protect the virtual, private connections.
Specifically, a VPN supports at least three different modes of use:
- Internet remote access client connections
- LAN-to-LAN internetworking
- Controlled access within an intranet
Internet VPNs for Remote Access
In recent years, many organizations have increased the mobility of their workers by allowing more employees to telecommute.Employees also continue to travel and face a growing need to stay connected to their company networks.
A VPN can be set up to support remote, protected access to the corporate home offices over the Internet. An Internet VPN solution uses a client/server design works as follows:
- 1. A remote host (client) wanting to log into the company network first connects to any public Internet Service Provider (ISP).
2. Next, the host initiates a VPN connection to the company VPN server. This connection is made via a VPN client installed on the remote host.
3. Once the connection has been established, the remote client can communicate with the internal company systems over the Internet just as if it were a local host.
VPNs for Internetworking
Besides using virtual private networks for remote access, a VPN can also bridge two networks together. In this mode of operation, an entire remote network (rather than just a single remote client) can join to a different company network to form an extended intranet. This solution uses a VPN server to VPN server connection.Intranet / Local Network VPNs
Internal networks may also utilize VPN technology to implement controlled access to individual subnets within a private network. In this mode of operation, VPN clients connect to a VPN server that acts as the network gateway.This type of VPN use does not involve an Internet Service Provider (ISP) or public network cabling. However, it allows the security benefits of VPN to be deployed inside an organization. This approach has become especially popular as a way for businesses to protect their WiFi local networks.
The New Generation of Microsoft Certifications
The new generation of Microsoft certifications is more specific and targeted to reflect the detail of what you do and to prove your expertise to those who need to know.
Consisting of three series and four credentials, the new generation of Microsoft certifications provides a simpler and more targeted framework for IT managers to validate core technical skills, professional skills, and architectural skills. It also provides professionals in the IT industry with a more relevant, flexible, and cost-effective way to showcase their skills.
Technology Series: Proven core technical skills on Microsoft technologies
The Technology Series certifications enable professionals to target specific technologies and distinguish themselves by demonstrating in-depth knowledge and expertise in the broad range of specialized technologies. Microsoft Technology Specialists are consistently capable of implementing, building, troubleshooting, and debugging a particular Microsoft technology.
The Technology Series certifications:
| • | Typically consist of one to three exams. |
| • | Are focused on a key Microsoft product or technology. |
| • | Do not include job-role skills. |
| • | Will be retired when mainstream product support for the particular technology expires. |
There are currently 19 Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist certifications. More will become available as new technologies are introduced. A complete list of the MCTS certifications, including the new Microsoft Office Project 2007 certification family, is available on the MCTS overview page.
| • | Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist |
Professional Series: Professional skills and a proven ability to perform on the job
Professional Series credentials validate a comprehensive set of skills required to be successful on the job. These skills include design, project management, operations management, and planning, and they are contextual to the job role. By validating a more comprehensive set of skills, these credentials give candidates and their hiring managers a reliable indicator of on-the-job performance.
The Professional Series certifications:
| • | Typically consist of one to three exams. |
| • | Have one or more prerequisites from the Technology Series. |
| • | Are focused on a single job role. |
| • | Require certification refresh to maintain active status. |
Microsoft currently offers two Professional Series credentials:
Architect Series: Exemplary business IT skills and a proven ability to deliver business solutions
The Microsoft Certified Architect (MCA) program identifies top industry experts in IT architecture. These prestigious professionals have a minimum of ten years of advanced IT industry experience, have three or more years of experience as a practicing architect, possess strong technical and managerial skills, and form an elite community. Unlike other industry certifications, this credential was built and is granted by the architect community. Candidates must pass a rigorous review by the Review Board, which consists of previously certified peer architects.
The Architect Series certifications:
| • | Have a rigorous and competitive entry process. |
| • | Require the candidate to work closely with a mentor who is a Microsoft Certified Architect. |
| • | Culminate in an oral review in front of previously certified architects. |
| • | Require certification refresh. |
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